1894 cartoon by by Frederick Burr Opper.
Fake news is a type of yellow journalism or propaganda that consists of deliberate disinformation or hoaxes spread via traditional print and broadcast news media or online social media. (Wikipedia)
Nieman Reports — aFacebook’s attempts to fight fake news seem to be working Sept. 21, 2018 Citing, in particular, Trends in the diffusion of misinformation on social media
George Mason Center for Climate Change Communication — How to spot COVID 19 conspiracy theories
ProPublica – Questions to ask about fake videos like “Plandemic”