{"id":57,"date":"2015-06-01T18:11:01","date_gmt":"2015-06-01T18:11:01","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/revolutionsincommunication.com\/law\/?page_id=57"},"modified":"2025-10-16T20:37:35","modified_gmt":"2025-10-16T20:37:35","slug":"highered2","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/revolutionsincommunication.com\/law\/highered2\/","title":{"rendered":"Free speech, free press in higher education"},"content":{"rendered":"<table border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"12\" cellpadding=\"12\" align=\"right\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"YouTube video player\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/mbRr2zkxQ-U?si=qDmrQ5LbZu5Ar9vT\" width=\"460\" height=\"315\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><span data-mce-type=\"bookmark\" style=\"display: inline-block; width: 0px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 0;\" class=\"mce_SELRES_start\">\ufeff<\/span><\/iframe><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"top\" width=\"400\">\n<h6><em>&#8220;You&#8217;re all students, and so am I, but don&#8217;t let that keep you from thinking. The world is sick, and you&#8217;re going to be asked to pay the doctor&#8217;s bills. And if you don&#8217;t do something about it soon, it&#8217;ll be the undertaker. Don&#8217;t believe the lies they hand you here. They&#8217;re teaching you to crush labor, the proletariat of the world&#8230; America must take the lead in creating a new world, but first you&#8217;ve got to tear down the old one.&#8221;\u00a0<\/em>\u00a0 (<em>Red Salute, <\/em>1935, Barbara Stanwick,\u00a0 Robert Young. United Artists.)<\/h6>\n<h6>Following this relatively mild statement, openly contested by other students, a university dean throws a student speaker \u00a0 out of town in the beginning of\u00a0 Red Salute.\u00a0 It&#8217;s cartoonish, but such things have happened.<\/h6>\n<h6>&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;<\/h6>\n<h6>The right of students and faculty to express themselves on US college campuses was contested all through the 20th century and is still being contested.\u00a0 One of the most interesting historical moments concerning free speech on campus is depicted in the banner photo at the top of this page. Here US president Theodore Roosevelt, in 1905, is lecturing Duke University administrators and state politicians on the virtues of\u00a0 tolerance. Roosevelt was there to support Duke University Prof. John Bassett, who was about to be fired for expressing admiration for Booker T. Washington (a famed African American educator.)\u00a0\u00a0 <em><br \/>\n<\/em><\/h6>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Freedom of speech<\/strong> is a fundamental right guaranteed under the Virginia Constitution, the First Amendment of the US Bill of Rights and Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.<\/p>\n<p>But freedom of speech is often marginalized in the one place where it ought to be respected the most: A college campus in the USA. Although the usual platitudes about tolerance, diversity and freedom of expression can be found in most US campus speech policies, in practice, freedom of speech often involves ideas that are too challenging for the buttoned-up administrators of most universities to actually tolerate. In 2016, the Thomas Jefferson Center gave its <a href=\"http:\/\/jeffersonmuzzles.org\/\">&#8220;Muzzle Award&#8221; <\/a>to 50 universities for an unprecedented outbreak of censorship.<\/p>\n<p>Of course, it could be much worse. In China, there are <a href=\"http:\/\/www.universityworldnews.com\/article.php?story=20130830113023776\">seven prohibited topics <\/a>at universities.\u00a0 (These are: universal values, citizen rights, civil society, judicial independence, freedom of the press, the privileged capitalist class, and past mistakes of the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.examiner.com\/topic\/communist-party\">communist party<\/a>.)\u00a0 In Saudi Arabia, journalists, academics and others are routinely imprisoned or gruesomely executed for even the mildest criticism of government or religion.\u00a0 \u00a0And there are many similar free speech controversies all over the world that involve imprisonments, torture, exile, and executions.\u00a0 Yes of course, repression of speech by US and European institutions doesn\u2019t come close to this level of totalitarianism.<\/p>\n<p>Even so, at many US universities,\u00a0 avenues for student expression can be strictly limited in ways that are clearly unconstitutional and potentially open to court challenge.\u00a0 Many administrators believe they can suppress student speech like the cartoonish deans in the Depression-era film \u201cRed Salute\u201d embedded on this page.<\/p>\n<p>Some universities have rules banning all kinds of things like fraternity signs, free speech outside certain\u00a0 \u201czones,\u201d and posting certain messages on campus email.\u00a0 And under the Hazelwood decision (below), high school administrations have complete censorship power over student publishing.<\/p>\n<p>In response, the Student Press Law Center created the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/splc.org\/new-voices\/\"> New Voices campaign,<\/a> attempting to protect the First Amendment rights of high school students (and in some cases, extending those rights to college students).<\/p>\n<p>\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014-<\/p>\n<p><strong>The history of \u00a0higher education<\/strong> goes back nearly 1,000 years, to the adoption of an academic charter, called the\u00a0<i><a title=\"Authentica habita\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Authentica_habita\">Constitutio Habita<\/a><\/i>,at the <a title=\"University of Bologna\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/University_of_Bologna\">University of Bologna<\/a> around 1155.\u00a0 This charter provided for certain immunities, freedom of travel, and the right to be tried in a university court rather than civil court.\u00a0 With the establishment of similar universities across Europe came the expectation of some limited academic freedom, but two famous cases exemplify the many thousands who were persecuted for their beliefs. \u00a0 <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Giordano_Bruno\">Giordano Bruno,<\/a> a Domincan Friar and mathematician, said in the late 1500s that the earth revolved around the sun. He apparently thought he was safe at the University of Padua and teaching in Venice, but was denounced to the Inquisition and burned at the stake in 1600.\u00a0\u00a0 <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Galileo\">Galileo<\/a> was another university scholar persecuted for astronomical beliefs, although he avoided Bruno\u2019s fate by confessing (insincerely) to his \u201cerror.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><strong>The history of free speech at US universities<\/strong> begins with the establishment of Harvard school in 1636 for the training of clergy in the Puritan faith.\u00a0 It may be ironic that Henry Dunster, the first president of the first university in America, was forced to resign in 1654 when he dissented from a religion founded by dissenters.\u00a0 And to create a more Puritan university, in\u00a0 1692, Harvard president Increase Mather removed all the old Greek and Roman books and confined teaching to Christian authors.\u00a0 (Mather and his son Cotton were also involved in the Salem Witch Trials around this time).<\/p>\n<p>With the dawn of the 18th century, \u00a0 Harvard, William &amp; Mary,\u00a0 and other American universities saw a struggle between religious control and an increasingly liberal approach to higher eduction. Freedom of speech and academic freedom were highly contested in that atmosphere.<\/p>\n<p>Among the 20th century highlights of First Amendment and Higher Education issues:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bassett_Affair#The_Bassett_Affair\" rel=\"nofollow\">The John Bassett Affair<\/a>\u00a0In 1903, Duke (then Trinity) University historian John Bassett expressed admiration for Booker T. Washington, a then-famous African American leader, putting him on a par with Robert E. Lee. Outraged politicians demanded that he be fired. Trinity refused, and then-president Theodore Roosevelt came to Trinity to congratulate Bassett in a commencement speech. \u201cYou stand for Academic Freedom, for the right of private judgment, for a duty more incumbent upon the scholar than upon any other man, to tell the truth as he sees it, to claim for himself and to give to others the largest liberty in seeking after the truth.\u201d<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Max_Meyer\" rel=\"nofollow\">The dismissal of Prof. Max Meyer<\/a>\u00a0In 1929, University of Missouri professor of experimental psychology was dismissed for supervising a study involving questions about sexual conduct which were then considered to be scandalous. The university was censured by AAUP for the dismissal.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.encyclopedia.com\/doc\/1G2-3468301846.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">The Red Scare (1940s \u2013 60s)<\/a>\u00a0Colleges and schools around the country began requiring loyalty oaths; those who objected were dismissed. (Also see\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_the_University_of_California,_Los_Angeles\" rel=\"nofollow\">History of UCLA<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/McCarthyism\" rel=\"nofollow\">McCarthyism<\/a>).<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Free_speech_movement\" rel=\"nofollow\">Civil rights \/ free speech movement<\/a>\u00a0In 1964 and 1965, students at the University of California Berkeley demanded that the university administration lift a ban on political activities at the campus and acknowledge the students\u2019 right to free speech and academic freedom.\u00a0\u00a0 Demonstrations started after the arrest of students who were simply passing out pamphlets supporting the civil rights movement.<\/li>\n<li>Anti Vietnam War Movement led to another wave of controversy. In 1969, the\u00a0 <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tinker_v_desmoines\">Tinker v. Des Moines School District<\/a> case was heard by\u00a0 the Supreme Court, which upheld the right of\u00a0 children to wear black armbands as a protest. \u00a0 That decision contains this\u00a0 statement: \u201cIt \u00a0can hardly be argued that either students or teachers shed their constitutional rights to freedom of speech or expression at the schoolhouse gate.\u201d\u00a0 According to the court, schools could only\u00a0 suppress student expression if it \u201cmaterially disrupts classwork or involves substantial disorder or invasion of the rights of others.\u201d<\/li>\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/monk.radford.edu\/records\/?&amp;refine[Categories][]=Radford%20University%20Archives$$$Dr.%20Ed%20Jervey%20Collection\">A controversy over discussing sex before marriage<\/a><\/strong> involved\u00a0 Radford University professor Ed Jervey, <i>\u00a0a Professor of History\u00a0 from 1961-1991.\u00a0 \u00a0Radford College tried to fire Jervey, and he sued college president Dr. Charles K. Martin and the Board of Visitors.<br \/>\n<\/i><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Speech_code#Speech_codes_in_U.S._universities\" rel=\"nofollow\">Speech codes<\/a> have created controversy through the 1970s and 80s, exemplified in the\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.bc.edu\/bc_org\/avp\/cas\/comm\/free_speech\/doe.html\" rel=\"nofollow\">Doe v. University of Michigan<\/a>\u00a0case in 1989 and the\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Water_buffalo_incident\" rel=\"nofollow\">Water Buffalo incident <\/a>of 1993, among many others. Other speech codes, for example involving requirements for stamps on posters and approval of off-campus signage for certain student groups continue to be controversial. The\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/thefire.org\/spotlight\/states\/VA\" rel=\"nofollow\">Foundation for Individual Rights in Education<\/a>\u00a0recently started a rating system for campus speech codes.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Free_speech_zones#On_college_and_university_campuses\" rel=\"nofollow\">Free speech zones<\/a>\u00a0have been controversial in the 1980s \u2013 2010s period. They have been altered or abolished at Tufts University, Appalachian State University, West Virginia University and Penn State University. Controversies have also occurred recently at the University of Southern California, Indiana University, the University of Nevada, Las Vegas,and Brigham Young University, according to this Wikipedia article.<\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Student press issues\" href=\"http:\/\/www.environmentalhistory.org\/1stAmendment\/index.php?title=Student_press_issues\">Student press issues<\/a>\u00a0have been contentious and complicated since the 1960s. Major cases\u00a0 include <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hazelwood_v._Kuhlmeier\">Hazelwood v Kuhlmeier \u00a0<\/a> (1988), where the court said high school press had limited rights,\u00a0 and <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hosty_v._Carter\">Hosty v Carter<\/a> (2005), a\u00a0 7th district court decision that limited college press. Another limitation on college press was <a href=\"http:\/\/www.splc.org\/news\/newsflash.asp?id=2443\">Educational Media Co. (Collegiate Times) v Insley (Va. ABC Board)<\/a> in 2012, in which ABC rules prohibited student newspapers from running alcohol beverage advertising. The initial ruling that favored censorship was overturned in 2014.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.latimes.com\/news\/opinion\/opinion-la\/la-ol-schools-speech-boobie-bracelets-20130806,0,2933914.story\">Symbolic speech in K-12 schools <\/a>\u2014 In 2013, a federal judge ruled that Pennsylvania students were entitled to wear \u201cboobie bracelets\u201d in support of breast cancer.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Important cases\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><b>Bazaar v. Fortune<\/b>, 489 F.2nd 255 (5th Cir. 1973) cert denied 414 US 1135 (1973) The university, as an arm of the state, could not make private publisher decisions about content and had infringed upon the free press rights of students when it denied distribution rights to an issue of the magazine.\u00a0 (Student press).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Cohen v California\u00a0<\/strong> (1971)\u00a0\u00a0 Supreme Court said\u00a0even indecent speech could not be banned by a school.<\/p>\n<p><b>Joyner v. Whiting,<\/b> 447 F.2nd 456 (4th Cir. 1973) A university can\u2019t withdraw funding from a student publication due to content disagreements.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Connell v. Ammons<\/strong>,\u00a0 \u00a0(2011)\u00a0 \u2014 Delaware case that has to do with limiting academic freedom in a private school.\u00a0 Violated harassment code referred to other law school colleagues as \u201cblack folks.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><b>Muir v. Alabama Educational Television Commission<\/b>, 688 F.2d 1033, 1982, also LEXIS 24813, cert. denied 1983, Several Texas and Alabama PBS stations refused to air the PBS docudrama \u201cDeath of a Princess\u201d for fear of offending Saudis who funded university functions. The courts said there is no First Amendment right to compel government speech. \u201cStandard First Amendment doctrine condemns content control by governmental bodies where the government sponsors and financially supports certain facilities through the use of which others are allowed to communicate and to exercise their own right of expression. Government is allowed to impose restrictions only as to \u201ctime, place, or manner\u201d in the use of such public access facilities \u2014 public forums\u2026. If the state is conducting an activity that functions as a marketplace of ideas, the Constitution requires content neutrality. Thus, a state university may not override editorial freedom for student newspapers.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><b>Stanley v. Magrath<\/b>, 719 F.2nd 279 (8th Cir. 1983) University administrators can\u2019t punish students for content of a publication by withholding funds.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hazelwood_v._Kuhlmeier\"><b>Hazelwood School District et al. v. Kuhlmeier et al.<\/b><\/a>, (1988) held that high school student publications can be censored by the school administration.\u00a0 This did not include college publications.\u00a0\u00a0 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.splc.org\/knowyourrights\/legalresearch.asp?id=49\" rel=\"nofollow\">Hosty v. Carter<\/a>\u00a0412 F.3d 731 (7th Cir. 2005) involved questions about of the Hazelwood decision relative to the college press in the Seventh District. The Supreme Court refused cert in 2006. Experts disagree on the impact of this decision, although it&#8217;s fairly clear that it&#8217;s not a &#8220;Hazelwood&#8221; for colleges.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/thefire.org\/article\/14991.html\"><strong>Educational Media Company v Swecker<\/strong> <\/a>(2012)\u00a0 The Fourth District federal court upheld a Virginia ABC regulation banning alcohol advertising targeted to those under 21, even in student publications at a university.\u00a0\u00a0 The regulations applied to Virginia Tech\u2019s Collegiate Times and U Va\u2019s Cavalier Daily, as well as others. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.google.com\/url?sa=t&amp;rct=j&amp;q=&amp;esrc=s&amp;source=web&amp;cd=1&amp;ved=0CLQFEBYwAA&amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.collegemedia.com%2Fdownloads%2Fva_sct_opinion_20111104.pdf&amp;ei=xMcdUImSNK650QGO0oCYDA&amp;usg=AFQjCNEEsAPR2yODZ2VljVcPGP16KoARag&amp;sig2=gQoyDPB2c74SZB2r1wL5AA\" rel=\"nofollow\">Virginia Supreme Court case: Educational Media Co at Virginia Tech v. Susan Swecker<\/a>\u00a0\/\u00a0 No. 110992 November 4, 2011<\/p>\n<p><strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.whitman.edu\/rhetoric\/decisions\/10-harry-kirsten-alcohol-ads.htm\" rel=\"nofollow\">Pitt News v Pappert, 2009<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0Sixth District court affirms freedom of speech and right to run alcohol ads in student publications.\u00a0 Of course this contradicts EMC v Swecker<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Speech codes &amp; symbolic speech in schools<\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"wp-caption alignright\">\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/startsomegood.com\/tinkertour?utm_source=buffer&amp;utm_medium=twitter&amp;utm_campaign=Buffer:%2BAEJMC%2Bon%2Btwitter&amp;buffer_share=dc296\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3.amazonaws.com\/ksr\/assets\/000\/380\/390\/aad8642e14100e22e138c9e2ac707cd7_large.jpg?1360453542\" alt=\"\" width=\"254\" height=\"318\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mary Beth Tinker and mom, 1965. (Courtesy Student Press Law Center)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tinker_v._Des_Moines_Independent_Community_School_District\"><b>Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District<\/b><\/a>, 393 US 503\u00a0(1969) A school could not punish students for wearing armbands that protested the war. \u00a0 \u201cIt can hardly be argued that either students or teachers shed their constitutional rights at the schoolhouse gate.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><b><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Healy_v_James\">Healey v. James<\/a>,<\/b> 408 US 169, 180, (1972) the Court said that the First Amendment applies on college campuses with same force as elsewhere and that a university could not refuse to recognize a student group simply because it didn\u2019t agree with its views.<\/p>\n<p><b>Papish v. Board of Curators at the Univ. of Missouri<\/b>, 410 US 667 (1973) The Court said that even ideas offensive to good taste could not be prohibited on a state university campus in the name of conventions of decency alone.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Lamb Chapel v. Center Moriches Union Free School District<\/strong> (1993) \u2013 Court ruled that a public school may not refuse to show religious films.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Davis v. Monroe Board of Education\u00a0 <\/strong>(1999)<strong>\u00a0 <\/strong>school board liable for any student-on-student harassment based on Title 9 anti-discrimination law.<\/p>\n<p><strong><a href=\"http:\/\/thefire.org\/article\/4894.html\">Roberts v Haragan<\/a> \u2013<\/strong> (2003) \u2014 Texas Tech speech code struck down.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Locke v. Davey<\/strong> (2004) \u2013 Upheld a publicly funded scholarship programs right to excluded theological degrees.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Garcetti v. Ceballos<\/strong>, 574 U.S. 410 (2006)\u00a0 \u2014 Protection for government employees, LA district attorney criticized the legitimacy of a search warrant.\u00a0 No right to speak as representative of LA,\u00a0 no First Amendment protection.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Morse_v._Frederick\"><strong>Morse v Frederick<\/strong><\/a> (2007)\u00a0 \u201cBong Hits 4 Jesus\u201d\u00a0 case where Supreme Court said advocacy of illegal conduct was not protected expression in a public school.<\/p>\n<p><b><a href=\"http:\/\/www.splc.org\/blog\/splc\/2011\/06\/layshock-j-s-and-myspace-justice-third-circuit-takes-a-half-step-toward-clarifying-school-authority-over-online-speech\">Layshock v Hermitage School district <\/a><\/b>(2011) &#8212; Schools may not lightly extend their reach into students&#8217; off-hours activities in this and a related case, the 3rd federal circuit court found. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=A_9fBAqTtiU\">\u00a0SPLC had a discussion about the issues<\/a> in 2011.<\/p>\n<h2>Public Forum<\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/caselaw.lp.findlaw.com\/scripts\/getcase.pl?court=us&amp;vol=460&amp;invol=37\"><strong>PERRY ED. ASSN. v. PERRY LOCAL EDUCATORS\u2019 ASSN<\/strong>.<\/a>, 460 U.S. 37 (1983) \u2014 With respect to public property that is not by tradition or government designation a forum for public communication, a State may reserve the use of the property for its intended purposes, communicative or otherwise, as long as a regulation on speech is reasonable and not an effort to suppress expression merely because public officials oppose the speaker\u2019s view.<\/p>\n<p><b>Southeastern Promotions, Ltd. v. City of West Palm Beach<\/b>, 457 F.2d 1016 (5th Cir. 1972), Here the federal court adopted the following test for determining whether a public facility is a public forum: \u201cDoes the character of the place, the pattern of usual activity, the nature of its essential purpose and the population who take advantage of the general invitation extended make it an appropriate place for communication of views on issues of political and social significance.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><strong>Further discussion \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>K-12: \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&#8220;<a href=\"http:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2782555\">Bitch: Go directly to jail<\/a>; Student speech and entry into the school-to-jail pipeline,&#8221; Catharine J. Ross.\u00a0 May 22, 2016.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wikitribune.com\/story\/2018\/03\/23\/free_speech\/american-high-school-journalists-fight-school-ordered-censorship\/55423\/\">American high school journalists fight school-ordered censorship<\/a>, Wiki Tribune, March, 2018<\/p>\n<p><strong>University:\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Radford University&#8217;s turbulent past,<a href=\"https:\/\/roanoke.com\/news\/casey-novel-looks-back-on-radford-us-turbulent-past\/article_3d52ffa8-2d6a-5ed3-a9f5-bf945c2ab3b4.html\"> article by Dan Casey, Roanoke Times,<\/a> 2020.<\/p>\n<p>Are calls for diversity in teaching a form of compelled speech toward politically correct thinking? Yes, according to <a href=\"http:\/\/www.richmond.com\/opinion\/our-opinion\/bart-hinkle\/article_e399a5c1-16be-588b-8779-d64b66f4dbee.html\">A. Barton Hinkle, columnist for the Richmond Times Dispatch<\/a>, July 19, 2015.<\/p>\n<p>Next:\u00a0 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.environmentalhistory.org\/rufree\/legal-perspectives\/case-list\/\">First Amendment &amp; Higher Education cases<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Also see:\u00a0 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ruspeechless.com\/\">RUSpeechless web site<\/a><\/p>\n<p>One video that helps to explain the RU and city of Radford issues\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/334695803317535\/videos\/vb.334695803317535\/10151361403396546\/?type=2&amp;theater\">is posted on the ruspeechless Facebook<\/a>\u00a0pages.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/education\/archive\/2015\/09\/the-plot-against-student-newspapers\/408106\/\">The Plot Against Student Newspapers,<\/a> \u00a0Sept. 30, 2015.\u00a0Atlantic magazine<\/p>\n<p>Daily Caller Oct. 2015 <a href=\"http:\/\/dailycaller.com\/2015\/10\/04\/free-speech-advocate-college-censorship-is-damaging-young-minds-video\/\">interview with Greg Lukianoff<\/a>, founder of the Foundation for Individual Rights in Education.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/mobile.nytimes.com\/2015\/11\/10\/us\/university-missouri-protesters-block-journalists-press-freedom.html?referer=http%3A%2F%2Fm.facebook.com\"> Missouri activists block journalists;<\/a> a divide over respect and rights. New York Times, Nov 10, 2015.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\ufeff &#8220;You&#8217;re all students, and so am I, but don&#8217;t let that keep you from thinking. The world is sick, and you&#8217;re going to be asked to pay the doctor&#8217;s bills. And if you don&#8217;t do something about it soon, &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/revolutionsincommunication.com\/law\/highered2\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":5,"parent":0,"menu_order":14,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"full-width-page.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-57","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/revolutionsincommunication.com\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/57","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/revolutionsincommunication.com\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/revolutionsincommunication.com\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/revolutionsincommunication.com\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/revolutionsincommunication.com\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=57"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/revolutionsincommunication.com\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/57\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6785,"href":"https:\/\/revolutionsincommunication.com\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/57\/revisions\/6785"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/revolutionsincommunication.com\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/5"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/revolutionsincommunication.com\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=57"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}