{"id":2826,"date":"2019-01-30T13:54:49","date_gmt":"2019-01-30T13:54:49","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/revolutionsincommunication.com\/law\/?page_id=2826"},"modified":"2025-12-31T13:03:34","modified_gmt":"2025-12-31T13:03:34","slug":"digital-content","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/revolutionsincommunication.com\/law\/digital-content\/","title":{"rendered":"DIGITAL ACCESS"},"content":{"rendered":"<div style=\"width: 436px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2021_United_States_Capitol_attack\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/4f\/2021_storming_of_the_United_States_Capitol_DSC09254-2_%2850820534063%29_%28retouched%29.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"426\" height=\"261\" \/><\/a><p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Trump supporters outside the US Capitol during the Jan. 6, 2021 insurrection. (Wikipedia, Tyler Merbler).<\/p><\/div>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><strong>DE-PLATFORMING<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Social media companies have\u00a0 terms of service that can shut down\u00a0 content and accounts that promote violence, misinformation and hate speech.\u00a0 For want of a better term, this is called &#8220;de-platforming.&#8221;\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><strong>The best-known instance of de-platforming<\/strong> was\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2021\/01\/08\/technology\/twitter-trump-suspended.html\">a permanent ban on US President Donald Trump&#8217;s Twitter account<\/a> announced on Jan. 8, 2021. The announcement took place two days after the attack on the US Capitol by Trump&#8217;s followers in an attempt to stop the election certification process and to execute the vice president on the US Capitol mall.\u00a0 Trump played a major role by helping to pay for and organize the protests and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/newshour\/politics\/trump-lit-that-fire-of-capitol-insurrection-jan-6-committee-report-says\">by giving speeches that incited violence.\u00a0 \u00a0<\/a>\u00a0<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><strong>In response, Facebook and Twitter suspended Trump<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/blog.twitter.com\/en_us\/topics\/company\/2020\/suspension\">&#8220;due to the risk of further incitement of violence.&#8221;<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Legal opinion tended to place Trump&#8217;s Jan. 6 speech in the \u201cimminent action\u201d category of speech not protected by the First Amendment.\u00a0 <span class=\"gray-darkest\" data-qa=\"attribution-text\">Harvard Law professor\u00a0<\/span><a class=\"gray-darkest hover-gray-dark decoration-gray-dark underline hover-none decoration-1 underline-offset-1\" href=\"https:\/\/hls.harvard.edu\/faculty\/directory\/10234\/Elhauge\" rel=\"author\" data-qa=\"author-name\">Einer Elhauge.<\/a> says Donald Trump clearly went beyond the First Amendment boundary and incited imminent lawless action.\u00a0 \u00a0(See\u00a0\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/outlook\/2021\/01\/14\/trump-brandenburg-impeachment-first-amendment\/\">The First Amendment Doesnt protect Trump\u2019s Incitement.<\/a>\u201d)<span class=\"gray-darkest\" data-qa=\"attribution-text\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"color: #444444;\">Trump, in return, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/crsreports.congress.gov\/product\/pdf\/R\/R46751\">\u00a0filed a lawsuit<\/a><span style=\"color: #444444;\"> against Facebook, Twitter and Google on July 7, 2021, claiming that the tech giants were &#8220;state actors&#8221; (by virtue of their protection through Section 230) and that <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.newsmax.com\/newsfront\/trump-newsmax-schmitt-big-tech\/2021\/07\/07\/id\/1027821\/\">censorship by de-platforming was unconstitutional.<\/a><span style=\"color: #444444;\">\u00a0 However, since the social media tech giants are private entities (not government actors), Trump&#8217;s legal argument does not apply.\u00a0 \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"color: #444444;\">When Trump regained the White House, Twitter (X)\u00a0 and Facebook (Meta) r<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2025\/09\/29\/technology\/youtube-trump-lawsuit-settlement.html\">esponded to the de-platforming lawsuits<\/a> with $10 and $25 million settlements.\u00a0 Similar settlements for Trump&#8217;s lawsuits against ABC\/Disney\u00a0 for $15 million in 2024 and CBS \/ Paramount \/ Skydance were also settled for $16 million in 2o25.\u00a0 All four lawsuits were frivolous and, in a different era, would never have been settled. They show a casual\u00a0 disregard for the First Amendment by the media corporations and President Trump. Steven Colbert called the CBS settlement <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/culture\/2025\/jul\/15\/late-night-roundup-colbert-stewart-meyers-trump-paramount-epstein\">&#8220;a big fat bribe.&#8221;<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Trump also created a new social media channel called &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/truthsocial.com\/\">Truth Social&#8221;<\/a>\u00a0 \u00a0 And he\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.whitehouse.gov\/presidential-actions\/2025\/01\/restoring-freedom-of-speech-and-ending-federal-censorship\/\">began an investigation<\/a> into 1\/6 de-platforming on the first day of his second presidential term with the idea that HE was the victim.\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<br \/><br \/><strong>Many others on the right wing were also de-platformed. <\/strong><span style=\"color: #444444;\">According to the BBC, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/technology-55638558\">Twitter suspended more than 70,000 accounts<\/a><span style=\"color: #444444;\"> linked to the false right-wing conspiracy theory <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.vox.com\/policy-and-politics\/2018\/8\/1\/17253444\/qanon-trump-conspiracy-theory-4chan-explainer\">QAnon<\/a><span style=\"color: #444444;\">. Apple, Google, and Amazon Web Services\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.vox.com\/2021\/1\/10\/22223250\/parler-amazon-web-services-apple-google-play-ban\">banned<\/a><span style=\"color: #444444;\"> the right-wing Twitter alternative Parler, temporarily <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.vox.com\/recode\/22227131\/parler-return-amazon-apple-google\">shutting down the site.<\/a><span style=\"color: #444444;\">\u00a0 An anti-trust lawsuit by Parler was not successful.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Others de-platformed are those who continued to claim that Trump won the 2020 election. Among them are Trump&#8217;s <a title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2020\/12\/19\/us\/politics\/trump-sidney-powell-voter-fraud.html\">lawyer Sidney Powell,\u00a0 <\/a>(who later said <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2021\/03\/22\/politics\/sidney-powell-dominion-lawsuit-election-fraud\/index.html\">she was &#8220;just kidding&#8221;<\/a>), former national security adviser Michael Flynn, the insurrectionist &#8220;my pillow&#8221; guy,\u00a0 and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wavy.com\/news\/breaking-news\/amanda-chase-gop-candidate-for-va-governor-has-facebook-account-suspended-after-posting-conspiracy-theories\/\">Virginia state senator Amanda Chase\u00a0 <\/a>who<a href=\"https:\/\/www.wric.com\/news\/politics\/local-election-hq\/attorney-general-herring-wants-proof-after-sen-chase-accuses-democrats-of-election-fraud\/\"> has been challenged by the state attorney general<\/a> to provide evidence to back up claims of fraud.\u00a0 US Rep. Marjorie Taylor Green was\u00a0 also<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2022\/01\/02\/technology\/marjorie-taylor-greene-twitter.html\"> &#8220;de-platformed&#8221; on Jan. 2, 2022,\u00a0 by Twitter<\/a> .\u00a0<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">\u00a0<strong>Among the many questions<\/strong> about &#8220;de-platforming&#8221; are:<\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>Will the Moody v Netchoice decision in 2024 finally settle the station action doctrine as applied to social media?\u00a0<\/li>\r\n<li>Are Facebook and Twitter regulating posts <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rasmussenreports.com\/public_content\/lifestyle\/questions\/january_2022\/questions_online_censorship_january_4_5_2022\">\u00a0&#8220;to make sure some people are not offended<\/a>&#8221;\u00a0 or to favor liberal or conservative viewpoints? And if so, how does this approach unconstitutional censorship?\u00a0<\/li>\r\n<li>The First Amendment guarantees freedom of speech to all American citizens, but does it guarantee free speech in every location and on every platform?\u00a0<\/li>\r\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.foxnews.com\/media\/josh-hawley-big-tech-censorship\">Are conservatives being targeted<\/a> for de-platforming?\u00a0 asks\u00a0 Sen. Josh Hawley (R-Mo).\u00a0\u00a0Is de-platforming an even-handed enforcement of a clearly stated regulation, or is it vague or overly broad? And even if so, why is this relevant under the state actor doctrine?\u00a0\u00a0<\/li>\r\n<li>What could (or should) the courts do to help enforce\u00a0 policies to ensure they are fair?\u00a0\u00a0<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3><strong>REGULATING SOCIAL MEDIA\u00a0<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><strong>The long path to the Supreme Court<\/strong> ended in 2024 with <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.scotusblog.com\/case-files\/cases\/moody-v-netchoice-llc\/\">Moody v Netchoice. <\/a><\/strong>The case\u00a0involved state\u00a0 government attempts to stop \u201ccensorship\u201d by social media companies.\u00a0 At issue was whether the First Amendment allows a\u00a0 \u00a0Florida or Texas to require that social-media companies host third-party communications.\u00a0 The Florida and Texas state laws were intended to ensure that conservative voices were not censored by big tech companies, and the laws were premised on the idea that social media are common carriers.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">In a rare unanimous decision, the court said that social media companies are not common carriers but rather private media companies and that they could not be regulated by state governments.\u00a0 A state government \u201ccannot get its way just by asserting an interest in better balancing the marketplace of ideas,\u201d said the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.supremecourt.gov\/opinions\/23pdf\/22-277_d18f.pdf\">Supreme Court opinion<\/a>.\u00a0 \u201cWhatever the challenges of applying the Constitution to ever-advancing technology, the basic principles (of the First Amendment) do not vary.\u201d<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Among a long list of cases supporting Netchoice are\u00a0\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/storage.courtlistener.com\/recap\/gov.uscourts.caed.418528\/gov.uscourts.caed.418528.53.0.pdf\">Republican National Committee v Google<\/a>, which was dismissed in favor of Google on Aug. 24, 2023.\u00a0 The RNC alleged that Google had been intentionally misdirecting its emails to Gmail users\u2019 spam folders at the end of each month \u201cto secretly suppress the political speech and income of one major political party.\u201d\u00a0 The court said the RNC had not proven bad faith and \u00a0that, in any event, that would have been protected by section 230 of the CDA. Another similar case\u00a0 protecting the right of private companies to free speech was\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/jolt.law.harvard.edu\/digest\/prager-university-v-youtube-ninth-circuit-dismissal-affirms-youtubes-status-as-private-forum\">YouTube v Prager,<\/a>\u00a02020.<\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Current law versus underlying issues\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">The First Amendment protects the media from censorship by the government, and private companies like Twitter and Facebook\u00a0 are treated the same way as the New York Times. Not many people would argue that the government should tell the New York Times to carry (or not to carry) a daily opinion column by Donald Trump.\u00a0<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">But the underlying issue &#8212; that a national public forum can exclude someone like Trump\u00a0 &#8212; is unsettling for many people who see big tech censoring a major political figure.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">The libertarian Electronic Frontier Foundation\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.eff.org\/deeplinks\/2021\/01\/eff-response-social-media-companies-decision-block-president-trumps-accounts\">said this about the Trump account shutdowns:\u00a0<\/a><\/p>\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<p>The decisions by Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, Snapchat, and others to suspend and\/or block President Trump\u2019s communications via their platforms is a simple exercise of <strong>their<\/strong> rights, under the First Amendment and Section 230, to curate their sites. We support those rights. Nevertheless, we are always concerned when platforms take on the role of censors, which is why we continue to call on them to apply a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.eff.org\/deeplinks\/2018\/11\/eff-court-remedy-bad-content-moderation-isnt-give-government-more-power-control\">human rights framework<\/a> to those decisions. &#8230; Going forward, we call once again on the platforms to be more transparent and consistent in how they apply their rules\u2014and we call on policymakers to find ways to foster competition so that users have numerous editorial options and policies from which to choose.<\/p>\r\n<\/blockquote>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><strong>In the absence of any legal requirements on social media companies, some people have questioned whether the policies are consistent or fair.\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li>The families of Allison Parker and Adam Ward,\u00a0 journalist and camera operator killed during a live WDBJ Roanoke television broadcast in 2015, have asked in court that YouTube and Google\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/youtube-has-bolstered-conspiracy-theories-about-my-daughters-murder-it-must-stop\/2019\/03\/06\/01242e26-3ebc-11e9-922c-64d6b7840b82_story.html\">take down videos of the killing<\/a> and to block false and\u00a0 hateful speech about the incident. A search led Allison&#8217;s father &#8220;down a rabbit hole of painful and despicable content,&#8221;\u00a0 including claims that his gun safety foundation was a fraud and that Alison had plastic surgery to live a secret life in Israel.\u00a0 So far Google and YouTube have refused to take down the video or associated misinformation, citing Section 230.\u00a0 Parker&#8217;s father has filed a complaint with the <a title=\"Federal Trade Commission\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Federal_Trade_Commission\">Federal Trade Commission<\/a>\u00a0alleging that YouTube had failed to enforce its own\u00a0<a title=\"Terms of Service\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Terms_of_Service\">Terms of Service.<\/a><\/li>\r\n<li>Guy Babcock, a British software engineer, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2021\/01\/30\/technology\/change-my-google-results.html\">has asked Google to take down strange web sites that falsely accused<\/a> him and family members\u00a0 of being a thief, a fraudster and a pedophile. Google refused, again citing Section 230, but after years of investigation and litigation, Babcock was able to track down the false information to one deranged former employee.<\/li>\r\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/11\/16\/779720295\/this-isnt-speech-attorney-carrie-goldberg-on-revenge-porn\">Cary Goldberg<\/a>, author of &#8220;Nobody&#8217;s Victim,&#8221; was harassed by an ex-boyfriend with &#8220;revenge porn.&#8221; Police said there was nothing they could do. She now represents people who have been subject to &#8220;sextortion.&#8221;\u00a0<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p><strong>What are the issues surrounding de-platforming and restraint of harmful content?\u00a0 \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><strong>1. Whose rights?<\/strong>\u00a0 The primary issue, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/video\/washington-post-live\/free-speech-experts-on-first-amendment-rights-of-social-media-companies-regulating-platforms\/2020\/10\/07\/c81d450f-1468-4bcd-b7f4-b0d36241ad3c_video.html\">according to legal experts,<\/a> involves the First Amendment rights of the social media companies (and not those who post on these public forums).<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><strong>This was clarified in <a href=\"http:\/\/cdn.ca9.uscourts.gov\/datastore\/opinions\/2020\/02\/26\/18-15712.pdf\">Prager v. Google<\/a> 2020<\/strong>, in which the court held that YouTube is not a government actor, common carrier or public forum bound by First Amendment limits for its users if it hosts a forum for\u00a0 public speech.\u00a0 It is a private forum.\u00a0 And it was reaffirmed in\u00a02024 with <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.scotusblog.com\/case-files\/cases\/moody-v-netchoice-llc\/\">Moody v Netchoice. <\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Prager casts itself as a university, but that&#8217;s not true; it does not qualify for the &#8220;edu&#8221; domain name suffix. It is best described as a non-profit\u00a0 educational source of conservative and right-wing advocacy videos.\u00a0 YouTube labeled Prager&#8217;s videos as \u201cmature content,\u201d only appropriate for Restricted Mode, cutting them off from users who had these restrictions, for example, children whose parents had restricted their browsing.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">In a <a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/d6C6_NVj964?t=160\">Prager video<\/a>, attorneys for the video maker argue that the question is whether YouTube is (or should be considered) a common carrier or a public forum. This is a &#8220;heads I win, tails you lose&#8221; argument, since either way, Prager videos would not be restricted on You Tube.\u00a0<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><strong>YouTube is a private forum,<\/strong> the <a href=\"http:\/\/chrome-extension:\/\/efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj\/viewer.html?pdfurl=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.ca9.uscourts.gov%2Fdatastore%2Fopinions%2F2020%2F02%2F26%2F18-15712.pdf&amp;clen=63731&amp;chunk=true\">9th circuit court found<\/a>, and &#8220;not subject to judicial scrutiny under the First Amendment.&#8221;\u00a0\u00a0Its editorial decisions are protected by the First Amendment, and its editors have the right to manage the platform as they see fit, the court said.\u00a0 The Electronic Frontier Foundation filed an\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.eff.org\/deeplinks\/2018\/11\/eff-court-remedy-bad-content-moderation-isnt-give-government-more-power-control\">amicus brief\u00a0 <\/a><span style=\"color: #444444;\">in the case, arguing that the remedy for bad speech was not more government regulation.\u00a0 \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><strong>2. Social responsibility:\u00a0 <\/strong>Many people believe that inappropriate,\u00a0 disturbing and invasive photos and videos can and should be taken off the web or kept away from children.\u00a0 And the social media giants should be especially responsive when victims and relatives complain. But there is no enforcement mechanism. There is nothing more than a social media company&#8217;s own sense of ethics when it comes to enforcing its own policies. The companies operate with impunity. But why do social media companies dislike regulating their own content?\u00a0<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">In the first place, it is expensive. If the law allows them to leave the content up, it&#8217;s cheaper than taking it down. Also, shocking content is routinely promoted through algorithms, and that means profits.\u00a0 <span style=\"color: #444444;\">The algorithmic amplification of extreme content &#8220;is a business choice made in pursuit of profit; eliminating it would reduce the harm from hate speech, disinformation, and conspiracy theories without any limitation on free speech,&#8221; says Roger McNamee in a <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wired.com\/story\/opinion-platforms-must-pay-for-their-role-in-the-insurrection\/\">Wired Magazine article.<\/a><span style=\"color: #444444;\">\u00a0 He adds: \u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/facebook-knows-it-encourages-division-top-executives-nixed-solutions-11590507499\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-event-click=\"{&quot;element&quot;:&quot;ExternalLink&quot;,&quot;outgoingURL&quot;:&quot;https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/facebook-knows-it-encourages-division-top-executives-nixed-solutions-11590507499&quot;}\">Facebook\u2019s own research revealed that 64 percent<\/a><span style=\"color: #444444;\"> of the time a person joins an extremist Facebook Group, they do so because Facebook recommended it through its algorithms.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><strong>3. Transparency and oversight:\u00a0<\/strong> Laws protecting privacy in these and similar areas are far more common in Europe than in the US, and some legal experts argue that a more <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2021\/01\/29\/opinion\/sunday\/facebook-surveillance-society-technology.html\">democratic rule of law must be applied<\/a>, with transparency, to social media policies.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">\u00a0&#8220;In this moment, the conversation we should be having\u2014how can we fix the algorithms?\u2014is instead being co-opted and twisted by politicians and pundits howling about censorship and miscasting content moderation as the demise of free speech online.\u00a0 It would be good to remind them that free\u00a0<em>speech<\/em>\u00a0does not mean free\u00a0<em>reach<\/em>. There is no right to algorithmic amplification. In fact, that\u2019s the very problem that needs fixing,&#8221; says\u00a0Renee DiResta of the Stanford Internet Observatory in a Wired essay titled \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.wired.com\/story\/free-speech-is-not-the-same-as-free-reach\/\">Free Speech Is Not the Same As Free Reach<\/a>.\u201d<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><strong>4. What if<\/strong> we treated social media as common carriers or public accommodations? <a href=\"https:\/\/poseidon01.ssrn.com\/delivery.php?ID=492099070121004115115095101072069102096038020065064007072119079005074103067100024073103004116122038058047068008121122082015001041057031008018115001122070048084094084029119004116122112091078117010005085002028098073074079006022067117014101088&amp;EXT=pdf&amp;INDEX=TRUE\">Eugene Volukh asks if new social media operate differently than old media<\/a> and whether they would accept common carrier status in return for immunity from content regulation. This would square with Justice Clarence Thomas&#8217; idea of rejecting the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mtsu.edu\/first-amendment\/article\/824\/public-forum-doctrine\">public forum doctrine<\/a> and applying the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mtsu.edu\/first-amendment\/article\/1907\/biden-v-knight-first-amendment-institute-at-columbia-university\">common carrier or public accommodations doctrines<\/a> in return for what he called &#8220;special government favors&#8221; in his dissent in <a href=\"https:\/\/knightcolumbia.org\/cases\/knight-institute-v-trump\">Knight v Trump<\/a>, 2017 and 2021. This is probably a reference to immunity in Section 230.\u00a0<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">Many legal scholars believe that the common carrier approach would be inappropriate\u00a0 since &#8220;digital platforms do not serve the public indiscriminately in a manner that would confer common carrier status,&#8221; according to Sarah S. Seo (&#8220;Failed Analogies,: Fordham Intell. Prop.. Summer 2022).\u00a0 &#8220;First, social media platforms narrow their services to those potential users with either a valid phone number or email address. Second, the platforms employ algorithms that create individualized experiences for each user, actively monitoring available content.&#8221;\u00a0<\/p>\r\n<div style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">\u00a0<\/div>\r\n<hr \/>\r\n<p><strong>READING\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<ul>\r\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deplatforming\">Deplatforming<\/a> (Wikipedia)\u00a0<\/li>\r\n<li>Is de-platforming such a big issue? Its <a href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2022\/09\/16\/1123249309\/alex-jones-defamation-trials-show-the-limits-of-deplatforming-for-a-select-few\">lack of impact on Alex Jones<\/a> is a case in point, according to NPR in Sept. 2022.\u00a0<\/li>\r\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.newsweek.com\/jim-jordans-section-230-bill-wont-bring-back-donald-trump-opinion-1603567\">Section 23o reform won&#8217;t bring back Donald Trump<\/a>, Newsweek, June 24, 2021.<\/li>\r\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/technology\/2022\/01\/07\/trump-facebook-ban-censorship\/\">Tech giants banned Trump, but did they censor him?<\/a> Washington Post, Jan. 7, 2022.\u00a0 \u00a0<\/li>\r\n<li>Sarah S. Seo, \u201cFailed Analogies: Justice Thomas\u2019s Concurrence in Biden v. Knight First Amendment Institute,\u201d 32 Fordham Intell. Prop. Media &amp; Ent. L.J. Summer 2022, 1070.\u00a0\u00a0<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<figure class=\"wp-block-video\"><\/figure>\r\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>DE-PLATFORMING Social media companies have\u00a0 terms of service that can shut down\u00a0 content and accounts that promote violence, misinformation and hate speech.\u00a0 For want of a better term, this is called &#8220;de-platforming.&#8221;\u00a0\u00a0 The best-known instance of de-platforming was\u00a0 a permanent &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/revolutionsincommunication.com\/law\/digital-content\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":4056,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"full-width-page.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2826","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/revolutionsincommunication.com\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2826","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/revolutionsincommunication.com\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/revolutionsincommunication.com\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/revolutionsincommunication.com\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/revolutionsincommunication.com\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2826"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/revolutionsincommunication.com\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2826\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7006,"href":"https:\/\/revolutionsincommunication.com\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2826\/revisions\/7006"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/revolutionsincommunication.com\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4056"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/revolutionsincommunication.com\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2826"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}