{"id":198,"date":"2015-06-04T16:42:35","date_gmt":"2015-06-04T16:42:35","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/revolutionsincommunication.com\/law\/?page_id=198"},"modified":"2025-09-14T16:02:57","modified_gmt":"2025-09-14T16:02:57","slug":"jurisprudence","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/revolutionsincommunication.com\/law\/intro\/jurisprudence\/","title":{"rendered":"JURISPRUDENCE"},"content":{"rendered":"<div style=\"width: 228px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/00\/The_Scales_of_Justice_-_geograph.org.uk_-_650458.jpg\" width=\"218\" height=\"291\" \/><p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scales of Justice at the Old Bailey, London. (ColinSmith, Wikimedia Commons)<\/p><\/div>\n<p><strong style=\"line-height: 1.7;\">Jurisprudence<\/strong><span style=\"color: #444444; line-height: 1.7;\"> is the broad term for\u00a0 the theory and philosophy of law. Used in a sentence, you might say that the a certain decision was important in First Amendm<\/span><span style=\"color: #444444; line-height: 1.7;\">ent jurisprudence, or that a lawyer&#8217;s grasp of jurisprudence was legendary. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #444444; line-height: 1.7;\">Here are a few examples of general questions considered in jurisprudence:\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #444444; line-height: 1.7;\">Should the law balance a variety of rights and interests, or should individual freedom be absolute?\u00a0 \u00a0For example, should the government regulate political speech (and money) in elections, or\u00a0 should anyone be allowed to participate in any way they like? Do we treat political spending as a form of free speech?\u00a0 \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Should the law protect national symbols (eg, the American flag), or should the law protect a deeper principle in protecting the right to burn a flag?<\/p>\n<p>Should the law protect the reputations of public people, or should the law protect the ability to criticize public people? And who is a public figure?<\/p>\n<p>Should the law indemnify companies that carry other people&#8217;s ideas, or should those companies be responsible for all the ideas that they carry?\u00a0 (For an example of indemnification, see <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Section_230\">Section 230 of the Telecommunications Act<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #444444; line-height: 1.7;\">Should the law boost civic virtue (and how can we be sure what that is?), or should the law facilitate individualism (and what limits, if any, should there be?)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #444444; line-height: 1.7;\">Should the law\u00a0enhance copyright protections or should it\u00a0enlarge the public domain? \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p>How do we measure the equity and effectiveness of the law?<\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>Jurisprudence involves:\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Foundational issues,<\/em> such as the idea that the Supreme Court should\u00a0 weigh the\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Originalism\">&#8220;original intent&#8221;<\/a> of the framers of the Constitution in every decision.\u00a0 This is a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/2022\/12\/01\/originalism-liberal-lawyers-supreme-court-trap\/\">\u00a0conservative point of view<\/a>, often applied inconsistently, as opposed to the idea of a &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Living_Constitution\">living constitution<\/a>&#8221; in which definitions of human rights may expand to meet new social conditions.<\/li>\n<li><em>Internal principles<\/em>\u00a0of\u00a0the law and legal systems, especially <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Equal_justice_under_law\">equal justice<\/a>\u00a0under law, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Precedent\">stare decisis<\/a>, and \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Due_process\">due process<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><em>External issues<\/em> involving the interaction between the law and social institutions within a larger context.\u00a0\u00a0An example of an external concern is the aura of outright corruption that surrounds the direct cash payments and vacation expenses accepted by Justices Clarence Thomas and Samuel Alito.\u00a0 Another external issue, as expressed by conservative <a href=\"http:\/\/www.chicagotribune.com\/news\/nationworld\/ct-justice-kennedy-gay-marriage-flag-burning-20150715-story.html\">\u00a0Justice Anthony Kennedy (in July, 2015), <\/a>\u00a0is that the reservoir of trust that people place in the courts is diminished by socially challenging decisions like same-sex marriage, flag burning, school prayer and abortion.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>First Amendment jurisprudence\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<h4 style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>First Amendment theories\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">What is the First Amendment for?\u00a0 Foundational theories include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Enables people to participate in Constitutional government<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ensures a marketplace of ideas\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It allows good speech to counter bad speech (The &#8216;Counter-speech&#8217; doctrine)\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It functions as a social safety valve\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li>It allows individual fulfillment<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">The diversity of thinking in First Amendment jurisprudence is typically approached by learning about the traditional First Amendment scholars (Chafee, Meiklejohn, Emerson and Haiman), and their theoretical approaches (balancing, absolutism, libertarianism and context).\u00a0 However,\u00a0 there are three others whose ideas have made significant contributions in recent decades.<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">The historic tradition\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/h4>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/mtsu.edu\/first-amendment\/article\/999\/marketplace-of-ideas\"> Marketplace of ideas<\/a> &#8212; <\/strong>The test of an idea is whether it survives and is accepted in competition with other ideas in open public debates, and not on the opinion of a government or religious\u00a0 authority. Beginning with Milton, and continuing with Enlightenment philosophers like Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson and John Stuart Mill, the concept of a marketplace of ideas at the service of democracy is the major animating theory behind First Amendment jurisprudence.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><strong>John Milton<\/strong> (1608-1674) in his <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.dartmouth.edu\/~milton\/reading_room\/areopagitica\/text.html\">Areopagitica<\/a><\/strong> said:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u201cThough all the\u00a0\u00a0<span title=\"winds\">winds<\/span>\u00a0of\u00a0<span title=\"doctrine\">doctrine<\/span> were let loose to play upon the earth, so (long as) Truth be in the field, we do injuriously, by licensing and prohibiting to misdoubt her strength. Let her and <span title=\"Falsehood\">Falsehoo<\/span><span title=\"Falsehood\">d<\/span>\u00a0grapple; who ever knew Truth put to the\u00a0<span title=\"worse\">worse<\/span>, in a free and open encounter.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Benjamin_Franklin\">Benjamin Franklin<\/a><\/strong> (1706-1790). &#8220;It is a Principle among Printers that when Truth has fair Play, it will always prevail over Falsehood.&#8221; A<a href=\"http:\/\/nationalhumanitiescenter.org\/pds\/becomingamer\/ideas\/text5\/franklinprinting.pdf\">pology for Printers, Pennsylvania Gazette, July 24, 1740<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Stuart_Mill\">John Stuart Mill<\/a><\/strong> (1806-1873). Since no one knows the certain truth,\u00a0 truth left untested will slip into dogma. Therefore,\u00a0 free competition of ideas is the best way to separate falsehoods\u00a0from fact.<\/li>\n<li><strong>The US Supreme Court<\/strong> has often\u00a0 invoked the marketplace of ideas concept when dealing with issues of free speech over the past century.\u00a0 Examples range from Abrams v US, 1919, to Matal v Tam, 2017.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Traditional First Amendment scholars\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li><strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zechariah_Chafee\">Balancing &#8212; Zechariah Chafee<\/a> <\/strong>\u00a0wrote his foundational book <a href=\"https:\/\/play.google.com\/books\/reader?id=XuQ9AAAAIAAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;output=reader&amp;hl=en&amp;pg=GBS.PR1\">Freedom of Speech<\/a> (1920) in the context of the WWI Sedition Act, \u00a0the anti-Red &#8220;Palmer Raids&#8221; by the attorney general and especially the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Schenck_v._United_States\">Schenck v US<\/a>\u00a0 &#8216;clear and present danger&#8217; decision of \u00a01919, which he found ill-advised.\n<ul>\n<li>&#8220;&#8230; the United States has affirmative power to protect its own life and the lives of its officers, not only from revolution and assassination, but also from attempts and solicitation directed toward these ends, and even from discussion which might have a remote tendency to produce such evils, unless that power is restricted by &#8230;\u00a0the First Amendment.&#8221;<\/li>\n<li>&#8220;Advocacy of revolution is [not so]\u00a0dangerous\u00a0except in extraordinary times of great tension. The chances of success are so infinitesimal that the probability of any serious attempt following the utterances seems too slight to make them punishable by the Federal Government. This is especially true if the speaker urges revolution at some future day, so that no immediate check is required to save the country&#8230; \u00a0There is no &#8216;clear and present danger&#8217; in a revolution announced for [the future].<\/li>\n<li>Chafee&#8217;s scholarship led Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes to dissent from\u00a0the &#8216;clear and present danger&#8217; finding in the 1919 \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Abrams_v._United_States\">Abrams case<\/a>. \u00a0By 1927, another \u00a0Justice, Louis Brandeis, insisted\u00a0\u00a0on what\u00a0a &#8220;time to answer&#8221; test in <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Whitney_v._California\">Whitney v California<\/a>: no danger flowing from speech can be considered clear and present if there is full opportunity for discussion.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u00a0Absolute protection for free speech &#8212; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alexander_Meiklejohn\">Alexander Meiklejohn<\/a><\/strong>argued that \u00a0nothing is more important to a democracy than freedom of speech.\u00a0 For example, see <a href=\"http:\/\/digicoll.library.wisc.edu\/cgi-bin\/UW\/UW-idx?type=header&amp;id=UW.MeikFreeSp&amp;isize=M\">Free Speech and its Relation to Self-Government, 1948.<\/a>\n<ul>\n<li>Meikeljohn&#8217;s idea was that the First Amendment protected all political speech under any circumstances, but not commercial speech. \u00a0(The absolutist ideal has been extended into advertising and the electoral process, as noted by McChesney). Also see <a href=\"http:\/\/hope.journ.wwu.edu\/tpilgrim\/j190\/week1Meiklejohn.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">this UW page.\u00a0<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Libertarianism &#8212; Action vs Expression &#8212; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thomas_I._Emerson\">Thomas I. Emerson<\/a> \u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0The\u00a0underlying theory of the First Amendment should distinguish between action and expression. \u00a0 Also, freedom of expression includes the right to form and hold beliefs on any subject and to communicate those beliefs to others by whatever medium, along with the right to hear the opinions of others, and the right to inquire, to have reasonable freedom of access to information.\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/digitalcommons.law.yale.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=3769&amp;context=fss_papers\">Toward a General Theory of the First Amendment\u00a0<\/a><\/li>\n<li>The System of Freedom of Expression<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/digitalcommons.law.yale.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=3768&amp;context=fss_papers\">Freedom of Association and Freedom of Expression<\/a> (1964)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/prospect.org\/topics\/franklyn-haiman\/\">Context\u00a0 &#8212; Franklyn S. Haiman<\/a> &#8211;\u00a0 <\/strong>Trying to distinguish\u00a0\u00a0between expression and action causes more harm than good, Haiman argues. All expression and action is in effect communication. It&#8217;s the context, the potential for harm, that the law has to consider.\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=pMN0eeOQkocC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=Speech+and+law+in+a+free+society&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0CEEQ6AEwBWoVChMI_fWz2rPixgIVEn-SCh2J_Q8L#v=onepage&amp;q=Speech%20and%20law%20in%20a%20free%20society&amp;f=false\">Speech\u00a0Acts and the First Amendment<\/a> &#8212; One of the most frequent justifications for limitations on freedom of speech is the claim that an unpopular sort of speech is really an action. So for example hate speech against racial minorities can be limited because it is not speech at all, it is really an action of disrespecting other people. Haiman argues that the slope is slippery, and therefore not a good location for a theory of law that helps us regulate speech in a democracy.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>New approaches<\/strong> to First Amendment jurisprudence\u00a0<\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Robert_W._McChesney\">Social Justice\u00a0 &#8212; Robert W. McChesney<\/a> &#8212; <\/strong><a href=\"http:\/\/monthlyreview.org\/1998\/03\/01\/the-new-theology-of-the-first-amendment\/\">The New Theology of the First Amendment,\u00a0<\/a><em>Monthly Review<\/em>, March 1, 1998. \u00a0&#8212; McChesney discusses freedom of speech in the context of corporate and commercial intrusion on political speech issues. \u00a0 The reason this is significant is that McChesney anticipated the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Citizens_United_v._FEC\">Citizens United v FEC<\/a>,\u00a0which was the 2010 decision by the conservative court that spending spending money is the equivalent of speech and can&#8217;t be curtailed under the First Amendment. \u00a0Many moderates and liberal believe this flood of cash into the federal election system has led to a huge wave of political corruption. McChesney said:\n<ul>\n<li>&#8220;I have no qualms about extending the First Amendment net to include areas that may not have any clear connection to politics, but I think principle is necessary to guide the debate. And a good start is this: if the rights to be protected by the First Amendment can only be effectively employed by a fraction of the citizenry, and their exercise of these rights gives them undue political power and undermines the ability of the balance of the citizenry to exercise the same rights and\/or other constitutional rights, then it is not necessarily legitimately protected by the First Amendment.&#8221;<\/li>\n<li>&#8220;It is no surprise that the political right and the business community approve of this extension of First Amendment protection to these activities. To the extent commercial activities are given First Amendment protection, it makes the rule of capital increasingly off-limits to political debate and government regulation&#8230;&#8221;<\/li>\n<li>The need to consider social justice in the area of ethics (for example, in the theories of John Rawls) \u00a0is one reason to include Robert W. McChesney in a list of First Amendment scholars.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>&#8220;Code&#8221; versus law &#8212; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lawrence_Lessig\">Lawrence Lessig<\/a>\u00a0 \u00a0<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Digital media is already balanced between the a) code of laws written by elected officials and, b) the computer\u00a0 code written by digital media companies who structure the media experience.\u00a0 His book \u00a0<a title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Code:_Version_2.0\">Code: Version 2.0<\/a>\u00a0 was released in 2006.<\/li>\n<li>Lessig is a proponent of the &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pathetic_dot_theory\">pathetic dot theory<\/a>&#8221;\u00a0 in\u00a0 which individuals (the pathetic dots in question) are\u00a0 regulated by four forces: the <a title=\"Law\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Law\">law<\/a>,\u00a0<a title=\"Norm (social)\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Norm_(social)\">social norms<\/a>,\u00a0 the <a title=\"Market (economics)\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Market_(economics)\">market<\/a>, and architecture (technical infrastructure).<\/li>\n<li>Lessig is somewhat controversial. Declan McCullagh wrote an essay for\u00a0 Cato called &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cato-unbound.org\/2009\/05\/04\/declan-mccullagh\/what-larry-didnt-get\">what Larry doesn&#8217;t get.<\/a>&#8220;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Human Dignity<\/strong>\u00a0 &#8212; A &#8220;new guard&#8221; of First Amendment scholars has a different take on approaches to Freedom of Speech, which it sees as threatened more by digital disinformation than top-down government censorship. It balances First Amendment libertarianism against Fourteenth\u00a0 Amendment equal protection\u2014 or what the international community calls \u2018human dignity.\u2019\n<ul>\n<li><strong>HD jurisprudence begins by observing that the marketplace of ideas is broken.<\/strong> It cannot correct false, harmful and hateful speech due, in part, to\u00a0 the complexities of new media, or (some would say) financial incentives for conflict entrepreneurs. This is leading to new ideas about how the marketplace should be regulated. \u00a0 (See Harrison Rosenthal&#8217;s &#8220;Bridging the Divide,&#8221; AEJMC Media Law Notes, 2021)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 120px;\">&#8220;An ideological chasm is emerging between new First Amendment theorists and their scholarly forbearers on the philosophical justifications for hate speech protection. The new guard &#8230; is balancing the equities of First Amendment\u00a0 libertarianism against Fourteenth Amendment equal protection\u2014or what the international community calls human dignity. For socio-historical reasons rooted in armed conflict, Americans tend to embrace individualism, while Europeans tend to embrace collectivism.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 120px;\">&#8220;These new scholars, by reframing the extreme-speech problem through <a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/dewey-political\/\">John Dewey\u2019s individualism-collectivism taxonomy,<\/a> are rebalancing free-speech objectives through holistic and international lenses. This reconceptualization is critical given our increasingly globalized and digitized speech marketplace.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paradox_of_tolerance\">Karl Popper&#8217;s Paradox of Tolerance<\/a> &#8211;\u00a0 A society can be too tolerant. It can open the door to its own destruction by being overly tolerant to destructive ideas.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/11\/16\/779720295\/this-isnt-speech-attorney-carrie-goldberg-on-revenge-porn\">Carrie Goldberg,<\/a> an attorney who fights for victims of online harassment,\u00a0 says that trolling and revenge porn are &#8220;acts&#8221; and not speech, and therefore are not protected. Note the contrast with Haiman&#8217;s contextual approach (above).<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.miami.edu\/faculty\/mary-anne-franks\">Mary Ann Franks,<\/a> an attorney and professor at the University of Miami, also fights online abuse and advocates internet reform, <a href=\"https:\/\/chicagounbound.uchicago.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1662&amp;context=uclf\">for example, with respect to Section 230 protections for ISPs.<\/a> \u00a0\u00a0Also, Franks writes about the <a href=\"https:\/\/repository.law.miami.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1792&amp;context=fac_articles\">failure of the marketplace of ideas in the digital age.<\/a>\u00a0 &#8220;Unbridled, unlimited free speech rights, especially in an era of technologically mediated expression, have led to the disintegration of truth, the reign of unanswerable speech, and the silencing and self-censorship of women, queer people, persons of color, and other racial and ethnic minorities.&#8221;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Jurisprudence is the broad term for\u00a0 the theory and philosophy of law. Used in a sentence, you might say that the a certain decision was important in First Amendment jurisprudence, or that a lawyer&#8217;s grasp of jurisprudence was legendary. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/revolutionsincommunication.com\/law\/intro\/jurisprudence\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":17,"menu_order":5,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"full-width-page.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-198","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/revolutionsincommunication.com\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/198","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/revolutionsincommunication.com\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/revolutionsincommunication.com\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/revolutionsincommunication.com\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/revolutionsincommunication.com\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=198"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/revolutionsincommunication.com\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/198\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6748,"href":"https:\/\/revolutionsincommunication.com\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/198\/revisions\/6748"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/revolutionsincommunication.com\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/revolutionsincommunication.com\/law\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=198"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}